How to Become a JP

What is a Justice of the Peace?

Justices of the Peace, commonly known as magistrates, are volunteers who hear cases in local courts in England and Wales. The role dates back centuries, and its longevity reflects the principle that community members should play a direct part in delivering justice. Scotland has a separate system with Justice of the Peace Courts, which operates under different rules and procedures.

Magistrates do not need legal qualifications. They receive training and then sit in court to make decisions on criminal cases, including whether someone is guilty and what sentence they should receive. A legal adviser is present during hearings to provide guidance on points of law.

Most criminal cases in England and Wales are dealt with by magistrates rather than by judges in Crown Courts. This includes offences such as minor assaults, theft, driving offences and public order matters. Magistrates also handle certain civil matters in limited areas, particularly family law cases and enforcement of unpaid council tax. Licensing applications for premises selling alcohol are typically handled through administrative processes, though appeals may come before magistrates.

In Scotland, Justice of the Peace Courts deal with summary criminal cases under a distinct legal framework. The training and appointment processes are managed separately through Scottish institutions, and the procedures differ from those in England and Wales.

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Who can apply

People from a wide range of backgrounds can become magistrates. You do not need a law degree or previous experience in the legal system. Recruitment campaigns actively seek to increase diversity and representation from underrepresented groups, so applications from people of different ages, occupations and life experiences are welcomed.

To be eligible in England and Wales, you must usually:

• Be aged between 18 and 74 when you apply, though most new magistrates are appointed before the age of 70
• Live or work in the local justice area where you want to sit
• Be able to commit to sitting for at least 13 days per year, though many magistrates sit more often
• Have no serious criminal convictions or undischarged bankruptcies

Certain roles may prevent you from becoming a magistrate. This includes police officers, members of the armed forces, and anyone whose work could create a conflict of interest. Close relatives of people already serving as magistrates in the same area may also face restrictions.

Employers are required by law to allow time off for employees to carry out magistrate duties, though this time off does not have to be paid. Some employers do offer paid leave for this purpose, recognising it as valuable civic participation. It is worth checking your workplace policy before applying.

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The application and training process

Applications to become a magistrate in England and Wales are made through the GOV.UK website. The process typically involves an initial application form followed by interviews. These interviews assess qualities such as sound judgement, the ability to weigh evidence fairly, and clear communication. Panel members will look for evidence that you can analyse information objectively, work collaboratively with others on a bench, and treat all court users with respect regardless of their background.

Before applying, it can be helpful to visit a magistrates' court to observe proceedings. This gives a clearer sense of what the role involves and whether it suits you. Courts are generally open to the public, so you can attend without making special arrangements in most cases.

If your application is successful, you will receive training before you begin sitting in court. In England and Wales, this training is overseen by the Judicial College. It covers the law, courtroom procedures and sentencing guidelines. New magistrates also sit with more experienced colleagues during their first sittings to build confidence. Ongoing professional development opportunities and support networks are available to magistrates throughout their service.

In Scotland, the process is managed separately. Training there is provided through the Judicial Institute for Scotland, and appointment is handled by the Scottish Courts and Tribunals Service. Scottish applicants should check the relevant Scottish government guidance for specific requirements.

What the role involves

Magistrates sit in court as part of a panel, usually made up of three people. One magistrate chairs the bench and speaks on behalf of the group, while all three contribute to decisions. A legal adviser, sometimes called a court clerk, is present to explain the law and ensure correct procedures are followed.

Cases heard by magistrates range from straightforward guilty pleas dealt with in a short hearing to contested trials that may take a full day or longer. Magistrates decide on questions of guilt when there is no jury. They also determine sentences within the guidelines set for each type of offence.

Beyond criminal work, magistrates may serve on panels dealing with family matters. Some also sit in youth courts, which handle cases involving young people. These roles may require additional training.

The time commitment varies. The minimum expectation is around 13 sitting days per year, but many magistrates choose to sit more frequently. Sittings are usually scheduled in advance, which allows for some flexibility around work and other commitments.

For current details on how to apply, eligibility requirements and the training provided, check the magistrates section on GOV.UK or contact your local advisory committee.

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